The operation of the photovoltaic system is based on the photoelectric phenomenon. When sunlight hits a photovoltaic cell, photons (particles of light) release electrons from the atoms of the semiconductor. This movement of electrons creates an electric current that we can use to power a home or business.

The photovoltaic system consists of several main components:

1. Photovoltaic panels: An array of photovoltaic cells that capture sunlight and convert it into electricity.
2. Inverter: A device that converts the direct current (DC) produced by the panels into the alternating current (AC) commonly used in homes.
3. Batteries (optional): Accumulators that store excess energy for later use, increasing independence from the distribution network.
4. Assembly system: A structure that holds the panels on the roof or on the ground.
5. Regulators and protective elements: Devices that ensure the safe and efficient operation of the system.

There are several types of photovoltaic systems that differ according to their use and technology:

1. On-grid systems: They are connected to the distribution network. Surplus energy produced by the system is supplied to the network and in the event of a lack of energy, it is also taken from there. This type of system is suitable for areas with a reliable distribution network.
2. Off-grid systems: They work independently of the distribution network and are ideal for remote locations without access to the public network. In these systems, energy is stored in batteries, which allows it to be used even at night or on cloudy days.
3. Hybrid systems: They combine the advantages of on-grid and off-grid systems. They are connected to the distribution network, but also have batteries to store energy. These systems provide greater flexibility and independence.